Skip to content Skip to sidebar Skip to footer
Inicio / Successful Family Planning Programs in Sub Saharan Africa

Successful Family Planning Programs in Sub Saharan Africa

Publicar un comentario
  • Review
  • Open Admission
  • Published:

Towards achieving the family unit planning targets in the African region: a rapid review of job sharing policies

  • Desire Habonimana ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0832-5558 2,
  • Triphonie Nkurunzizaone,
  • Asmani Chilangathree,
  • Elamin Hayfafour,
  • Tall Fatim3,
  • Nancy Kidula4,
  • Ghislaine Conombov,
  • Assumpta Muriithi1 &
  • Pamela Onyiah1

Reproductive Health volume xviii, Article number:22 (2021) Cite this article

  • 2291 Accesses

  • 4 Citations

  • Metrics details

Abstract

Background

Expanding access and utilize of effective contraception is important in achieving universal access to reproductive healthcare services, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), such as those in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Shortage of trained healthcare providers is an important contributor to increased unmet demand for contraception in SSA. The World Health System (WHO) recommends chore sharing as an important strategy to meliorate access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services by addressing shortage of healthcare providers. This study explores the status, successes, challenges and impacts of the implementation of job sharing for family unit planning in v SSA countries. This bear witness is aimed at promoting the implementation and scale-up of task sharing programmes in SSA countries by WHO.

Methodology and findings

Nosotros employed a rapid programme review (RPR) methodology to generate testify on task sharing for family unit planning programmes from five SSA countries namely, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Republic of ghana, and Nigeria. This involved a desk review of country task sharing policy documents, implementation plans and guidelines, almanac sexual and reproductive wellness programme reports, WHO regional meeting reports on task sharing for family planning; and data from key informants on state groundwork, intervention packages, touch, enablers, challenges and ways forward on job sharing for family unit planning. The findings indicate mainly the involvement of community health workers, midwives and nurses in the job sharing programmes with training in provision of contraceptive pills and long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC). Results indicate an increase in family planning indicators during the task shifting implementation period. For case, injectable contraceptive use increased more than threefold within half-dozen months in Burkina Faso; contraceptive prevalence rate doubled with declines in total fertility and unmet need for contraception in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia; and uptake of LARC increased in Ghana and Nigeria. Some barriers to successful implementation include poor retentiveness of lower cadre providers, inadequate documentation, and poor data systems.

Conclusions

Task sharing plays a part in increasing contraceptive uptake and holds promise in promoting universal access to family unit planning in the SSA region. Testify from this RPR is helpful in elaborating country policies and scale-up of task sharing for family planning programmes.

RESUME

Introduction

50'élargissement de l'accès et de fifty'utilisation d'une contraception efficace est important pour parvenir à fifty'accès universel aux services de santé reproductive, en particulier dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire, comme ceux de l'Afrique subsaharienne. L'insuffisance de prestataires de soins de santé qualifiés est un facteur of import de l'augmentation des besoins non satisfaits en matière de contraception en Afrique subsaharienne. L'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) recommande le partage des tâches comme stratégie importante pour améliorer l'accès aux services de santé sexuelle et reproductive en southward'attaquant à la pénurie des prestataires de soins de santé. Cette étude explore fifty'état des lieux, les réussites, les défis et les impacts de la mise en œuvre du partage des tâches pour la planification familiale dans cinq pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Ces données factuelles visent à promouvoir la mise en œuvre et l'extension des programmes de partage des tâches dans les pays d'Afrique sub-saharienne par l'OMS.

Méthodologie et résultats

Nous avons utilisé la méthodologie de la revue rapide des programmes (RPR) pour générer des données sur le partage des tâches pour les programmes de planification familiale de cinq pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, à savoir le Burkina Faso, la Côte d'Ivoire, fifty'Éthiopie, le Ghana et le Nigéria. Cela impliquait la revue documentaire des documents de politique nationale de partage des tâches, des plans de mise en œuvre et des directives, des rapports annuels sur les programmes de santé sexuelle et reproductive, des rapports des réunions régionales de fifty'OMS sur le partage des tâches pour la planification familiale; et des informations provenant des informateurs clés sur le contexte du pays, les programmes d'intervention, l'bear on, les catalyseurs, les défis et les voies à suivre pour le partage des tâches pour la planification familiale. Les résultats indiquent principalement l'implication des agents de santé communautaires, des sages-femmes et des infirmières dans les programmes de partage des tâches avec une formation liée à l'approvisionnement de pilules contraceptives et de contraceptifs réversibles à longue durée d'action (LARC). Les résultats indiquent une augmentation des indicateurs de planification familiale pendant la période de mise en œuvre du partage des tâches. Par exemple, l'utilisation des contraceptifs injectables a plus que triplé en vi mois au Burkina Faso; le taux de prévalence de la contraception a doublé avec une baisse de la fécondité totale et des besoins non satisfaits en matière de contraception en Éthiopie; et fifty'adoption du LARC a augmenté au Ghana et au Nigéria. Certains obstacles à la réussite de la mise en œuvre comprennent une faible rétention des prestataires de niveau inférieur, une documentation inadéquate et des systèmes peu performants de gestion des données.

Conclusions

Le partage des tâches joue un rôle important dans l'augmentation de l'utilisation de la contraception et dans la promotion de l'accès universel à la planification familiale dans la région Afrique subsaharienne. Les données de ce RPR sont utiles pour l'élaboration des politiques nationales et 50'intensification du partage des tâches pour les programmes de planification familiale.

Plain English summary

Correct and consistent use of contraceptives has been shown to reduce pregnancy and childbirth related maternal deaths and more often than not improve reproductive wellness. However, statistics show that many women of reproductive historic period in SSA who ought to be using contraceptives are not using them. As a consequence, high rates of maternal deaths from pregnancy or childbirth-related complications have been recorded in the region. One of the key barriers to accessing family planning in SSA is the shortage of healthcare providers. To address this problem, WHO recommends task sharing every bit an intervention to improve admission and use of sexual and reproductive wellness services including family unit planning. While task sharing guidelines have been developed and disseminated in many SSA countries, limited evidence exists on their adoption, implementation and outcomes to promote scale-up. This written report undertook a rapid programme review of prove from policy documents, implementation plans and guidelines, annual sexual and reproductive health programme reports, regional meeting reports and key stakeholder reports on task sharing to explore the status, successes, challenges and impacts of the implementation of task sharing for family unit planning in five SSA countries: Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Nigeria. We found that task sharing programmes mainly involved customs health workers, midwives and nurses. The intervention led to increased modernistic contraception access and use and full general improvement in family planning indicators during the implementation periods. Some barriers to successful implementation of task sharing include poor retentiveness of lower cadre providers, inadequate documentation, and poor data systems.

Peer Review reports

Background

The Globe Bank projects a 10-fold increase in the population of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) betwixt 1960 and 2050, reaching 9.vii billion people in 2050 [1]. This escalation indicates Africa'due south growing fertility rate [2]. Notably, while the global fertility rate betwixt 1990 and 2022 fell from iii.ii to ii.five births per woman, this indicator merely dropped from half dozen.3 to iv.6 births per adult female for SSA [ii]. Apparently, other regions take recorded much higher declines compared to SSA (from 4.5 to 3.iv in Oceania, from iv.4 to two.9 in Northern Africa and Western asia, from 3.3 to 2.0 in Latin America and the Caribbean, and from 2.five to 1.8 in Eastern and South-East asia) [ii]. This turn down in fertility charge per unit continues to occur at a much slower step in SSA every bit compared to the rest of the world. In other words, while it took nineteen years for fertility rates in Northern Africa and Western Asia to driblet from 6 to 4 births per woman (1974 to 1993), a similar decline is expected to materialise afterward 34 years (1995 to 2029) in SSA [2]. With weak wellness systems present in delicate economies, the higher fertility rates nowadays greater risks of unpropitious pregnancy outcomes in SSA countries [3,4,5].

In the light of the evidence above, a wealth of literature has established a correlation betwixt higher fertility rates, poverty and pregnancy-related deaths/complications. For case, of some 830 women who die daily from pregnancy or childbirth-related complications around the globe, 99% of such deaths occur in low-income and heart-income countries (LMICs) [6]. Information technology is besides estimated that of the 2.6 million stillbirths that occurred globally in 2015, 98% were in LMICs [7]. Furthermore, the take chances of a woman in a LMIC dying from a maternal-related crusade during her lifetime is about 33 times college compared to her counterpart in a high-income country [8]. Fortunately, interventions such every bit modern contraception which space and limit pregnancies significantly meliorate the overall health of women of reproductive historic period [9]. Although this remains truthful, SSA continues to register higher proportions of unmet contraception expectations to date [x, xi].

In SSA, 16% of women of reproductive historic period who desire to either terminate or postpone childbearing practice not currently use a contraceptive method [12]. Most importantly, in this region, the rate of unmet needs for family unit planning is almost 21% amid married women or those living in union [12]. Such trends stand for barriers to the achievement of universal admission to sexual and reproductive healthcare services including for family planning by 2030 in SSA, every bit stipulated in the third and fifth Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets: 3.1, 3.7, three.8, and 5.6 [thirteen, 14]. One of the key barriers to the availability and accessibility of family unit planning services in sub-Saharan Africa is the critical dearth of qualified health care providers. On the one hand, while reaffirming that human resources is at the core of each health care system around the world, the wellness workforce remains inequitably distributed in most sub-Saharan African countries, with rural areas suffering chronic and severe shortages of competent health care providers [15, 16]. On the other manus, lack of motivation and absenteeism of health intendance providers in impoverished countries widens the gap in quality family unit planning services [17]. In the bid to assuage man resource shortages, many countries have started to train less experienced health workers perform tasks that should otherwise be performed by qualified doctors or other highly-trained healthcare workers [18].

The World Wellness Organization (WHO), like many other stakeholders, recognise chore sharing as a promising strategy to address the serious lack of health care workers to provide reproductive, maternal and new-born intendance in less wealthy countries [19,20,21]. By definition, job sharing involves the safe expansion of tasks and procedures that are ordinarily performed by higher-level staff (i.e. physicians) to lay- and mid-level healthcare professionals (i.due east. midwives, nurses, and auxiliaries) [22]. In the aforementioned perspective, WHO recommends that midwives be empowered to provide all family unit planning services except tubal ligation and vasectomy (Box 1). Besides, initiation and maintenance of injectable contraceptives (standard syringe) can be performed by auxiliary nurses. Following WHO recommendations on "Optimizing the roles of health personnel through the delegation of tasks to improve admission to maternal and new-born wellness interventions" (2012), regions including the Regional Role for Africa take started to mobilise local efforts with an aim to initiate and expand task sharing policies for family planning across respective fellow member countries.

For the above reason, WHO Regional Office for Africa, in partnership with member countries and other cardinal players such every bit the Ouagadougou Partnership for Family Planning Coordination Unit of measurement (UCPO), the W Africa Health Organisation (WAHO), and the Un Population Fund (UNFPA), organized a regional consultation meeting on task sharing in September 2022 with the aim of aiding nine airplane pilot countries in developing action plans for the implementation of task sharing recommendations. Moreover, WHO Regional Office for Africa conducted an intensive advocacy which yielded a special resolution relating to task sharing for family planning endorsed by governments of the Economic Customs of West African States (ECOWAS) region. In December 2019, a second regional advocacy meeting was held to expand the job sharing policies to an boosted 11 English language-speaking countries.

Iv years after the showtime advocacy meeting, this paper explores the lessons learnt in relation to task sharing for family planning in five countries in the WHO African region. Specifically, the paper documents the status of task sharing for family planning policy implementation, its effect in coverage and use of family unit planning services, gauges key achievements, enablers and challenges to form a footing for the implementation monitoring and planning of task sharing initiatives for family planning in the region.

Methods

The report applied the Rapid Programme Review (RPR) methodology to generate evidence on what WHO Regional Office for Africa and member countries can do to build on successes and tackle challenges with an aim to scale-up chore sharing programmes for family unit planning region-wide. A rapid review is a knowledge synthesis method in which components of the systematic review process are simplified or omitted to produce information in a curt period of time [23]. A RPR focuses on synthesizing information regarding a program (task sharing programme for family unit planning in this case) through desk-review of program documents, reports and key stakeholder information. The RPR methodology generates stiff testify and saves both time and costs, rather than conducting total program reviews which are time-consuming and endeavor-intensive [24]. The method allows a rapid and progressive learning with conscious exploration and flexible use of methods without post-obit a blueprint programme [25]. The review triangulated data from secondary sources with data from key informants in iv countries which have already piloted the chore sharing programmes for family planning. A trend analysis was washed alongside an overview of system-level implementation enablers and barriers to successful implementation of task sharing programmes in the African context.

Data collection

Data was nerveless in two steps. In the first example, information for the RPR were obtained through a desk review of country task sharing for family planning policy documents, relevant implementation plans and guidelines, and annual sexual and reproductive health programme reports. In improver, data presented during the 2nd Africa regional meeting on chore sharing for family planning organised by WHO Regional Office for Africa was exploited to supplement document reviews. During this meeting, five countries which are piloting or implementing programmes on task sharing for family planning (Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Nigeria) presented success stories as well as challenges, lessons learnt and ways forward. A total list of countries that participated in the meeting is provided in Box 2.

In the second case, WHO land offices were contacted to place and obtain key informants on task sharing for family planning programmes in the five aforementioned countries. Through written communication (electronic mails), National Focal Points (NFPs) on sexual and reproductive health provided information on the land background, intervention packages, intervention touch, arrangement-level enablers and challenges, and information on ways frontward.

The country background helped to sympathize the baseline picture. Specifically, nosotros nerveless information on the date when the first job sharing program was piloted, the rollout procedure and, virtually importantly, the significant baseline family planning indicators. A list of full family unit planning indicators for Burkina Faso earlier (2010) and after (2019) implementation of the task sharing for family planning programme is shown in Tabular array one. Secondly, data on the type of task sharing intervention packages were collected. In improver, geographical attain and the blazon of tasks and healthcare professionals involved were documented. If available and applicable, an illustrative picture was likewise shared to demonstrate lay- and auxiliary-level cadres performing family planning tasks previously performed by higher healthcare professionals. Thirdly, we used Table 1 and collected data on key family planning indicators during the period of implementation of task sharing for family planning. Given the availability of enough information-points, baseline and midterm data were used to trace an indicator trend line. We too documented system-level levers and challenges that played an important role in the successful/unsuccessful implementation of job sharing programmes. This information is necessary for policymakers among the aim by WHO Regional Office for Africa and fellow member states of rolling-out and expanding task sharing for family unit planning programmes region-broad. Lastly, each country provided information on the side by side steps with physical actions to exist undertaken in the near future with regards to task sharing for family planning.

Tabular array 1 Indicators before and during the job sharing pilot programme in Burkina Faso

Full size table

Data analysis

Data was analysed in two steps. Step one consisted of compiling information from the country background, the chore sharing intervention packages, the arrangement-level enablers and challenges, and the ways forward. All data sources were verified to ensure reliability of reported information. In the consequence of missing data, a request was resent to the respective NFP who was asked to provide feedback within two weeks. Beyond a menses of two weeks, the data was confirmed every bit "missing information". For example, Cote d'Ivoire was excluded from analysis due to substantial missing information. Step 2 consisted of a trend assay of key family unit planning indicators. Attributable to the limited number of information-points (often only two information-points), a trend line was only possible for Ghana and Nigeria. For Burkina Faso and Ethiopia, nosotros compared proportions before and during task sharing interventions.

Results

Results are mainly presented as text boxes of country overviews. In each box, we summarised findings on the land background, described existing task sharing intervention packages, quantified midterm plan impact, analysed organisation-level enablers and barriers, and suggested ways forward.

Discussion

This rapid review prepare out to identify lessons learnt from the task sharing for family planning pilot programmes in four African countries with an aim to assist WHO Regional Office for Africa in identifying areas and strategies to strengthen advocacy for policy expansion region-wide. Data was nerveless, analysed, and presented co-ordinate to five subdomains: country groundwork, job sharing intervention packages, bear upon, enablers and challenges, and ways forward.

The findings of this review confirm that African countries share a similar background characterised by college fertility and population growth rates, younger and generally rural populations, lower contraceptive coverage rates, college rates of unmet needs for contraception, severe human resource shortages with existing health workforce being unevenly and inequitably distributed; amidst others. This population trend, which hinders the attainment of development and health goals in Africa, has existed for more than than two decades and volition go on to rise unless substantial changes are made [38,39,40].

Common job sharing interventions involved CHWs, midwives, and nurses. There may have been different naming based on state-specific contexts, just they all referred to the to a higher place three categories of healthcare providers. For all countries studied, CHWs, midwives, and nurses were trained on the provision of contraceptive pills and LARC namely, Implants and IUCD. Based on WHO recommendations in Box 1, however, it is not recommended for lay-level health workers to insert and remove IUCD. Besides, Auxiliary nurses are not allowed to insert and remove IUCD unless in the context of rigorous inquiry (Box one). Unfortunately, we did non obtain data on adverse effects that could have resulted from CHWs and midwives inserting and removing IUCD. Although this may be true, previous studies from the African context did not report side effects or incidents from CHWs providing LARC namely IUCD. Instead, CHWs increased uptake of IUCD utilisation in Rwanda [41] and in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia [42]. This show corroborates our findings.

Our findings indicated an increase in family unit planning indicators resulting from the task sharing programmes. In Burkina Faso, LARC uptake increased by greater than iii times within a period of six months with 232.9% new implant users and 163.0% new IUCD users. There was a slower uptake for Depo-Provera and contraceptive pills with 40.1% and 23.7% of new users, respectively. Nearly chiefly, the new contraception programme averted 11.7% of expected pregnancies in 2019. In Ethiopia, results from this study showed a doubling contraceptive prevalence rate with declining rates of full fertility and unmet needs for contraception. In Ghana and Nigeria, in that location has been an increase in the number of new users with a significant uptake of Implants and IUCDs. Like results have been institute in many other African contexts. For instance, the Autonomous Democracy of Congo (DRC) is i of the countries that have suffered the well-nigh from human being resource shortages in the whole world. A new chore sharing programme that sought to promote LARC in remote areas was able to reach 38,662 new users within a period of 5 years [43].

To summarise, despite countries being at unlike stages in terms of promotion and implementation of chore sharing policies, they accept some achievements in common. These include the presence of policies, regulations, or laws on task sharing; the presence of community health strategies and programmes, ongoing dialogues and discussions on chore sharing, in-state communication strategies and governmental support. Countries likewise share some mutual challenges mainly the difficulties in memory of lower cadres due to financial constraints (incentives), inadequate documentation of successful processes to back up internal learning and external lessons sharing, and difficulties capturing data on service provision. Moreover, they share common priorities: advocacy, capacity building, and fiscal pledge for affect sustainability.

Conclusions

Chore sharing is important to ensuring that everyone has admission to family planning services they need to infinite or limit childbearing. Task sharing for family planning should exist contextualised to align with country situations. Furthermore, training and monitoring of lay- and auxiliary-level cadres remains a dire necessity. Land plans for task sharing for family planning should exist positioned within the broader national objectives of Universal Wellness Coverage (UHC) and Primary Health Care (PHC) in order to attain the SDGs calendar. Plans should be specific on and include documented best practices and promote mentoring (i.east. through South-South learning) every bit a viable solution to support the advocacy of best practices. Prove from the present review point to possible association between task sharing for family planning and increased contraceptive uptake, which makes task sharing a potential viable intervention. It is against this evidence that we recommend WHO Regional Office for Africa and member states to build on the evidence from Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Nigeria in elaborating land policies for task sharing in family planning.

Limitations

The modest sample size of key informants who provided information to the RPR could be considered a limitation to the study. Furthermore, the collection of electronic information rather than exact could have limited the depth of information provided. Notwithstanding, current and available documents on job sharing for family planning ably supplemented the data provided. Information technology is important to mention that attribution of the family unit planning outcomes to the job shifting intervention should be handled with caution as the RPR cannot be used in place of causal studies. Therefore, we recommend additional studies that can statistically attribute outcomes to the task sharing intervention.

Availability of information and materials

Information and materials used for this review are available either online (policies and state reports) or from the respective author (meeting presentations, data from key informant interviews).

Abbreviations

WHO:

World Health System

SSA:

Sub-Saharan Africa

RPR:

Rapid programme Review

LARC:

Long-interim reversible contraceptives

LMICs:

Low- and middle-income countries

UCPO:

Ouagadougou Partnership for Family Planning Coordination Unit

UNFPA:

United nations Population Fund

ECOWAS:

Economic Community of West African States

NFPs:

National Focal Points

CHWs:

Community health workers

IUD:

Intra-utérine device

IUCD:

Intra-utérine contraceptive device

HIV:

Human Immunodeficiency virus

LAFP:

Long-acting family planning

SDGs:

Sustainable Development Goals

CHEWs:

Customs Health Extension Workers

CHN:

Customs Health Nurse

References

  1. World Bank Data Catalog. Population Estimates And Projections. 2020. https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/V12Gh/3/. Accessed 22 Aug 2022 at 22:36 (GMT+2).

  2. United nations. Department of Economics and Social Diplomacy. Earth Fertility and Family Planning 2020. 2020. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/family/Ten_key_messages%20for%20WFFP2020_highlights.pdf. Accessed 22 Aug 2022 at 23:05 (GMT+ii).

  3. Adeniyi OV, et al. High rate of unplanned pregnancy in the context of integrated family planning and HIV care services in South Africa. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):one–8.

    Article  Google Scholar

  4. Londero AP, et al. Maternal age and the risk of agin pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;xix(1):261.

    Commodity  Google Scholar

  5. Kietpeerakool C, et al. Pregnancy outcomes of women with previous caesarean sections: secondary assay of World Wellness Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. Sci Rep. 2019;9(one):1–9.

    CAS  Commodity  Google Scholar

  6. Alkema L, et al. Global, Regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030. Obstetric Anesthesia Digest. 2016;36(4):191.

    Article  Google Scholar

  7. WHO, Earth Health Organization (WHO). WHO Recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy feel: summary. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 2018.

  8. WHO et al. UNFPA, World Depository financial institution Group and the United nations Population Division. Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015. Estimates by WHO, UNICEF. 2015, UNFPA, Globe Bank grouping and the united nations population partitioning.

  9. Ganatra B, Faundes A. Role of birth spacing, family unit planning services, condom abortion services and post-abortion care in reducing maternal mortality. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;36:145–55.

    Article  Google Scholar

  10. Ahinkorah BO. Predictors of unmet need for contraception among adolescent girls and young women in selected high fertility countries in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel mixed effects analysis. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(8):e0236352.

    CAS  Commodity  Google Scholar

  11. Darroch JE, et al. Costs and benefits of coming together the contraceptive needs of adolescents. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2016.

    Google Scholar

  12. The United Nations Population Fund. Globe Population Dashboard. 2020. https://www.unfpa.org/information/world-population-dashboard. Accessed 23 Aug 2022 at 00:37 (GMT+two).

  13. Segmentation of Sustainable Development Goals. Transforming our globe: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Evolution. New York: Division for Sustainable Development Goals; 2015.

    Google Scholar

  14. Kumar S, Kumar N, Vivekadhish Due south. Millennium development goals (MDGS) to sustainable development goals (SDGS): Addressing unfinished calendar and strengthening sustainable development and partnership. Indian J Commun Med. 2016;41(1):1.

    Article  Google Scholar

  15. Afriyie Practise, Nyoni J, Ahmat A. The state of strategic plans for the health workforce in Africa. BMJ Glob Wellness. 2019;4(Suppl ix):e001115.

    Article  Google Scholar

  16. Miseda MH, et al. The implication of the shortage of health workforce specialist on universal wellness coverage in Kenya. Hum Resour Health. 2017;15(one):80.

    Commodity  Google Scholar

  17. Tweheyo R, et al. 'Nobody is later on yous; it is your initiative to start work': a qualitative report of wellness workforce absenteeism in rural Uganda. BMJ Glob Health. 2017;2(4).

    Article  Google Scholar

  18. Sharma Northward, et al. Community health workers interest in preventative care in primary healthcare: a systematic scoping review. BMJ Open. 2019;9(12):e031666.

    Article  Google Scholar

  19. Janowitz B, Stanback J, Boyer B. Job sharing in family planning. Stud Fam Plann. 2012;43(1):57–62.

    Article  Google Scholar

  20. Okyere E, Mwanri L, Ward P. Is task-shifting a solution to the health workers' shortage in Northern Ghana? PLoS ONE. 2017;12(3):e0174631.

    Article  Google Scholar

  21. Millogo T, et al. Task sharing for family planning services, Burkina Faso. Balderdash Earth Health Organ. 2019;97(eleven):783.

    Article  Google Scholar

  22. Kim C, Sorhaindo A, Ganatra B. WHO guidelines and the role of the physician in task sharing in safe ballgame intendance. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;63:56–66.

    Article  Google Scholar

  23. Khangura S, et al. Testify summaries: the evolution of a rapid review approach. Syst Rev. 2012;1(1):10.

    Commodity  Google Scholar

  24. Barua A, et al. Adolescent health programming in India: a rapid review. Reproductive Health. 2020;17:1–10.

    Commodity  Google Scholar

  25. Chambers R. Rapid only relaxed and participatory rural appraisal: towards applications in health and nutrition. International Diet Foundation for Developing Countries. 1992.

  26. Global Health Workforce Brotherhood, -.W. Country responses - Burkina Faso. 2020. https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/countries/bfa/en/.

  27. National Statistics Council Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso Health Statistical Yearbook 2010. 2010: Burkina Faso.

  28. Ormel H, et al. Salaried and voluntary community health workers: exploring how incentives and expectation gaps influence motivation. Hum Resour Health. 2019;17(1):59.

    Article  Google Scholar

  29. Singh D, et al. The event of payment and incentives on motivation and focus of community health workers: five case studies from low-and middle-income countries. Hum Resour Health. 2015;13(1):1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar

  30. Ministère de la Santé, Plan National d'Accélération de Planification Familiale du Burkina Faso 2017–2020. 2017.

  31. Central Statistical Agency (CSA). Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey,. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Rockville: Fundamental Statistical Agency (CSA); 2017.

    Google Scholar

  32. Agency, C.Southward., Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Wellness Survey 2022 2014: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

  33. Health, G.o., COSTED IMPLEMENTATION Program FOR FAMILY PLANNING IN Federal democratic republic of ethiopia 2015/16–2020. 2016: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

  34. Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Ghana Maternal Wellness Survey. 2018: Accra. Ghana: GSS, GHS, and ICF; 2017.

    Google Scholar

  35. Family Planning 2020, Republic of ghana FP2020 Deportment for Dispatch (2018–2019)—Fact Sheet. 2019.

  36. National Population Commission (NPC). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NPC and ICF; 2019.

    Google Scholar

  37. 2020, F.P. Nigeria FP2020 Commitment. 2012. https://www.familyplanning2020.org/news/nigeria-fp2020-delivery.

  38. Groth H, and May JF. Africa's population: In search of a demographic dividend. 2017; Springer.

  39. Kamarudin MKA, et al. Population growth and economic evolution in developing and developed countries. Int J Eng Technol. 2018;7(4.34):123–vii.

    Article  Google Scholar

  40. De la Croix D, Gobbi PE. Population density, fertility, and demographic convergence in developing countries. J Dev Econ. 2017;127:13–24.

    Article  Google Scholar

  41. Mazzei A, et al. Customs health worker promotions increase uptake of long-acting reversible contraception in Rwanda. Reprod Health. 2019;xvi(1):75.

    Article  Google Scholar

  42. Teklu AM. et al. Competency of Level-four Wellness Extension Workers to provide Long acting reversible contraceptives: a task shifting initiative in Ethiopia. 2020.

  43. Castle S, et al. Successful programmatic approaches to facilitating IUD uptake: Care'due south feel in DRC. BMC Women'southward Wellness. 2019;xix(i):104.

    Article  Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This report was funded by the WHO Regional Office for Africa.

Writer information

Affiliations

  1. Reproductive, Maternal Wellness and Ageing Team, Globe Health Organisation, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the congo

    Leopold Ouedraogo, Triphonie Nkurunziza, Assumpta Muriithi & Pamela Onyiah

  2. Department of Customs Medicine, Enquiry and Innovation Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi

    Desire Habonimana

  3. Reproductive, Maternal Health and Ageing Squad, Intercountry Support Team for West Africa, Earth Health System, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

    Asmani Chilanga & Tall Fatim

  4. Reproductive, Maternal Wellness and Ageing Team, Intercountry Support Squad for East and Southern Africa, Earth Health Organization, Harare, Republic of zimbabwe

    Elamin Hayfa & Nancy Kidula

  5. Reproductive, Maternal Health and Ageing Team, Intercountry Back up Team for Central Africa, World Health Organization, Libreville, Gabon

    Ghislaine Conombo

Contributions

LO conceptualized the study, adult the research methodology, analysed the data, and prepared the initial draft manuscript. DH facilitated information collection and proofread the initial draft manuscript. TN validated the content and edited the manuscript earlier submission. Air-conditioning validated the content and edited the manuscript before submission. EH validated the content and edited the manuscript earlier submission. TF validated the content and edited the manuscript before submission. NK validated the content and edited the manuscript before submission. GC validated the content and edited the manuscript before submission. AM validated the content and edited the manuscript before submission. PO validated the content and edited the manuscript before submission. All authors read and canonical the concluding manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leopold Ouedraogo.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This rapid programme review was approved past the World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa. All key informants provided informed consent earlier participation in the study.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher'south Notation

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed nether a Artistic Eatables Attribution iv.0 International License, which permits utilise, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, every bit long equally you lot requite appropriate credit to the original writer(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and point if changes were made. The images or other third political party material in this article are included in the commodity'south Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Eatables licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted apply, yous volition need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made bachelor in this commodity, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the information.

Reprints and Permissions

Near this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ouedraogo, L., Habonimana, D., Nkurunziza, T. et al. Towards achieving the family unit planning targets in the African region: a rapid review of task sharing policies. Reprod Wellness eighteen, 22 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-01038-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-01038-y

Keywords

  • Family planning
  • Task sharing
  • World health arrangement
  • African region

Mots clés

  • planification familiale
  • partage des tâches
  • Organisation mondiale de la Santé
  • Région africaine

johnsonjealifted.blogspot.com

Source: https://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12978-020-01038-y

Publicar un comentario for "Successful Family Planning Programs in Sub Saharan Africa"